The state of the art of marine natural products in Colombia / El estado del arte de los productos naturales marinos en Colombia / O estado da arte dos produtos naturais marinhos na Colômbia

Abstract Marine Natural Products (MNPs) isolated from samples collected in Colombia have been an object of study since the early 1980's; however, this information is neither integrated nor compiled. This systematic review describes the articles published in scientific journals up to December 2019. 173 papers met the inclusion criteria of focusing on MNPs obtained from specimens collected from Colombian seas; all original papers written in English, Portuguese or Spanish. The selected papers were mostly authored by researchers from Colombian groups, with low interaction amongst themselves. 99.4% of the papers studied samples collected from the Caribbean Sea; 183 species were studied, mainly sponges and octocorals. In this study, 1,690 compounds (238 new ones) were reviewed, mainly diterpenes and sterol derivatives. Of the selected papers, 76.8% measured various biological activities, including antibiotic (34%) and anticancer (30%). These papers were published in 51 journals (74.6% were international). In conclusion, scientific work on natural marine products of Colombian origin has incremented over time. The most relevant opportunities to address and fill existing gaps comprise: exploring Pacific Ocean organisms and several of the misrepresented taxa; promoting strong interactions amongst the MNPs research groups, and accordingly with other areas of knowledge; and having the productive sector participate in MNPs research.

Resumen Los productos naturales marinos (PNM) aislados de muestras recolectadas en Colombia han sido estudiados desde principios de los años 1980, mas esta información no está integrada, ni recopilada. Esta revisión sistemática describe los artículos publicados hasta diciembre de 2019. 173 artículos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión de enfoque en PNM obtenidos de especímenes recolectados en mares colombianos; trabajos originales escritos en inglés, portugués o español. La mayoría de los artículos fueron escritos por investigadores de grupos colombianos, con poca interacción entre ellos. El 99,4% de los artículos estudiaban muestras recolectadas del mar Caribe. Se estudiaron 183 especies, especialmente esponjas y octocorales. Se identificaron 1690 compuestos (238 nuevos), principalmente diterpenos y derivados de esteroles. En el 76,8% de los artículos se midió alguna actividad biológica, principalmente antibiótica (34%) y anticancerígena (30%). Los artículos se publicaron en 51 revistas (74,6% internacionales). En conclusión, la investigación sobre los PNM de origen colombiano ha crecido con el tiempo. Algunas oportunidades para abordar las lagunas encontradas comprenden: explorar los organismos del océano Pacífico y los taxa poco estudiados; promover interacciones entre los grupos de investigación de los PNM y de otras áreas del conocimiento; e involucrar al sector productivo en la investigación de los PMN.

Resumo Os Produtos Naturais Marinhos (PNMs) isolados de amostras coletadas na Colômbia têm sido objeto de estudo desde a década de 1980; porém, esta informação não está integrada nem compilada. Esta revisão sistemática descreve os artigos publicados em revistas científicas até dezembro de 2019. 173 artigos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão de foco em PNMs obtidos de espécimes coletados em mares colombianos; artigos originais escritos em inglês, português ou espanhol. A maioria dos autores dos artigos eram pesquisadores de grupos colombianos, com baixa interação entre eles. 99,4% dos artigos estudavam amostras coletadas no Mar do Caribe. Foram estudadas 183 espécies, especialmente esponjas e octocorais. Nesta revisão, identificaram-se 1690 compostos (238 novos), principalmente diterpenos e derivados de esterol. 76,8% dos artigos mediram algumas atividades biológicas, incluindo antibiótica (34%) e anticancerígena (30%). Os artigos analisados foram publicados em 51 periódicos (74,6% internacionais). Em conclusão, o trabalho científico sobre PNM de origem colombiana cresceu ao longo do tempo. As oportunidades mais relevantes para preencher as lacunas existentes incluem: explorar organismos do Oceano Pacífico e os taxa pouco estudados; promover interação entre os grupos de pesquisa de PNMs e com grupos de outras áreas do conhecimento; e envolver o setor produtivo na pesquisa de PNMs.

Aproximaciones experimentales para la evaluación de interacciones alelopáticas entre corales hermatípicos y cianobacterias marinas bentónicas en el Caribe Colombiano / Experimental approaches for the evaluation of allelopathic interactions between hermatypic corals and marine benthic cyanobacteria in the colombian caribbean

ABSTRACT Blooms of marine benthic cyanobacteria are recurrent in several locations at the Colombian Caribbean. In these events, cyanobacteria grow over the substrate and benthic organisms although their effect has not been fully assessed. This study evaluated interactions between cyanobacteria and hermatypic corals, in order to identify any deleterious effects that could be related to allelopathic mechanisms. Organic extracts from cyanobacteria collected in San Andres, Old Providence and Rosario islands were tested against embryos of the reef-building coral Orbicella annularis. The indirect effect of cyanobacterial extracts was also assessed by resuspending the extracts in seawater and monitoring polyp retraction and recovery of the coral Madracis mirabilis (=auretenra). Additionally, the effect of direct contact between cyanobacterial extracts and the coral Porites porites was assessed by incorporating cyanobacterial extracts into Phytagel™ gels and placed in direct contact with the coral. After 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure, chromatographic profiles of associated zooxanthellae was evaluated by HPLC. A deleterious effect on the zooxanthellae was evidenced by an increase in pheophytin, a degradation product from chlorophyll. The competitive abilities of algae and cyanobacteria should be considered as a constraint to reef restoration initiatives. Cyanobacteria have the ability to compete with corals due to their growth rates, defenses against herbivory and potentially allelopathic mechanisms.

RESUMEN Afloramientos de cianobacterias marinas bentónicas son recurrentes en varias localidades del Caribe colombiano. En estos eventos, las cianobacterias crecen sobre el sustrato y organismos bentónicos sin que su efecto se haya evaluado completamente. Este estudio evaluó interacciones entre cianobacterias y corales hermatípicos con el fin de identificar efectos perjudiciales que podrían estar relacionados con mecanismos alelopáticos. Extractos orgánicos de cianobacterias recolectadas en las islas de San Andrés, Providencia y las Islas del Rosario fueron evaluados contra embriones del coral hermatípico Orbicella annularis. También se evaluó el efecto indirecto de extractos de cianobacterias resuspendidos en agua de mar para determinar retracción de pólipos y recuperación del coral Madracis mirabilis (=auretenra). Adicionalmente, se evaluó el efecto del contacto directo de extractos de cianobacterias y el coral Porites porites mediante la incorporación de los extractos en geles de PhytagelTM dispuestos en contacto directo con el coral. Después de 24, 48 y 72 h de exposición, los perfiles cromatográficos de las zooxantelas asociadas al coral fueron evaluados por HPLC. Un efecto negativo sobre las zooxantelas se evidenció por el incremento en feofitina, producto de degradación de la clorofila. Las capacidades competitivas de algas y cianobacterias debieran considerarse como un factor que podría incidir negativamente en iniciativas de restauración arrecifal. Las cianobacterias tienen la capacidad de competir con corales debido a sus tasas de crecimiento, defensas contra herbivoría y potenciales mecanismos alelopáticos.

Éxito y seguridad de la resección de quiste encapsulado en implante valvular de Ahmed. Serie de casos / Success and safety of encapsulated cyst resection in Ahmed valve implant: case series

Introducción: el encapsulamiento de la ampolla o también llamado "quiste de Tenon" alrededor del dispositivo puede comprometer el funcionamiento valvular, aumentando la presión intraocular y así requiriendo procedimientos quirúrgicos adicionales. Objetivo: describir la eficacia y seguridad de la resección de quiste encapsulado en implante valvular de Ahmed en el control de la presión intraocular. Diseño de estudio: estudio observacional, retrospectivo, serie de casos. Método: se hizo un análisis de los pacientes a los que se les realizó resección de quiste encapsulado con un seguimiento a 6 meses, se excluyeron pacientes con antecedente de procedimiento ciclodestructivo, agudeza visual no percepción de luz, alteración del estado de conciencia, cirugía combinada y /o seguimiento postoperatorio menor de 3 meses. Resultados: se analizaron 14 ojos de los cuales 9 (64.3%) eran mujeres. El promedio de edad fue 56.1 con un rango entre 14 ­ 83 años. La presión intraocular preoperatoria promedio fue 26.7± 6.6 mmHg con una reducción estadísticamente significativa desde el primer día posoperatorio 9.8 ± 0.93 mmHg y al sexto mes 13.7 ± 0.94 mmHg (p 0.005). En el primer mes posoperatorio se logró reducción significativa en el número de medicamentos hipotensores (p 0.003), el cual se estabilizó al tercer mes y al sexto mes no presentó diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p 0.078). Conclusión: la resección de quiste encapsulado es un procedimiento efectivo para lograr el control de la presión intraocular en pacientes con glaucomas refractarios y/o no controlados con pocas complicaciones asociadas.

Background: the encapsulation of the bleb or so-called (Tenon cyst) around the device can compromise valve function, increasing intraocular pressure and thus requiring additional surgical procedures. Objective: to describe the efficacy and safety of encapsulated cyst resection in Ahmed valve implant for the control of intraocular pressure. Study design: observational study, retrospective cases series. Method: an analysis was made of the patients who underwent encapsulated cyst resection between January 2016 and August 2017 with a 6-month follow-up, patients with a history of cyclodestructive procedure, visual acuity of no light perception, altered state of consciousness, combined surgery and / or postoperative follow-up of less than 3 months were excluded. Results: 14 eyes were analyzed, of which 9 (64.3%) were women. The average age was 56.1 with a range between 14 - 83 years. he average preoperative intraocular pressure was 26.7 ± 6.6 mmHg with a statistically significant reduction from the first postoperative day 9.8 ± 0.93 mmHg and at the sixth month 13.7 ± 0.94 mmHg (p 0.005). In the fi rst postoperative month there was a significant reduction in the number of hypotensive drugs (p 0.003), which stabilized at the third month and at the sixth month did not present a statistically significant difference (p 0.078). Conclusion: encapsulated cyst resection is an effective procedure to achieve control of intraocular pressure in patients with refractory and / or uncontrolled glaucoma with few associated complications.

Dolabellane diterpenes from the Caribbean soft corals Eunicea laciniata and Eunicea asperula and determination of their anti HSV-1 activity / Dolabellanos de los octocorales caribenos Eunicea laciniata y Eunicea asperula y determinación de su actividad anti VHS-1 / Dolabellanos dos octocorais caribenhos Eunicea laciniata e Eunicea asperula e determinação de sua atividade anti HSV-1

Abstract Dolabellane diterpenes have considerable antiviral activity, but most studies have been focused towards compounds isolated from Dictyota brown algae. Although soft corals are also a significant source of these diterpenes, their antiviral potential has not been studied in detail. With the aim of assessing the biological activity of marine sources, we evaluated the dolabellane content in the soft corals Eunicea laciniata and E. asperula collected in Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean. Dolabellanes 1-6 were isolated from E. laciniata while compounds 2, 4 and 5 were isolated from E. asperula. All compounds were identified by NMR, GC-EIMS, optical rotation and comparison with previously reported dolabellanes. GC-EIMS analyses showed that dolabellatrienone (2) transforms into compounds 4 and 5 as oxidation products upon prolonged storage; however, those compounds were also naturally present in the extract of the studied organisms. Pure dolabellanes were tested in vitro in antiviral assays against HSV-1. Compound 6 inhibited virus replication in infected cells (73.7% of inhibition at 50 µM) without cytotoxic effect (CC50 = 95 9), showing similar activity to the positive control Acyclovir®. Thus, compound 6 is an interesting candidate for further studies of dolabellanes as antivirals.

Resumen Los dolabellanos son diterpenos con actividad antiviral, la mayor parte de los estudios se han realizado con compuestos aislados de algas pardas del genero Dictyota. Los corales blandos son también una importante fuente de dolabellanos, pero el potencial antiviral de estos ha sido muy poco estudiado. Se llevó a cabo el estudio químico de los dolabellanos presentes en los octocorales Eunicea laciniata y Eunicea asperula, recolectados en Santa Marta, Caribe colombiano. Los dolabellanos 1-6 fueron aislados del octocoral E. laciniata mientras que en E. asperula se encontraron los compuestos 2, 4 y 5. La elucidaci6n estructural se llev6 a cabo mediante RMN, espectrometría de masas, rotaci6n 6ptica y comparaci6n con reportes previos. El análisis por CG-EM evidenci6 que la dolabellatrienona (2) se puede transformar en los compuestos 4 y 5 como producto del almacenamiento prolongado, no obstante, tales compuestos también estuvieron presentes en los extractos de los organismos estudiados. El compuesto 6 inhibi6 la replicaci6n del VHS-1 (73,7% de inhibición en células infectadas a una concentraci6n de 50 µM) sin efecto citot6xico (CC50 = 959), mostrando una citotoxicidad similar al Aciclovir®, un control positivo, por lo cual es un candidato para la realizaci6n de estudios adicionales sobre el potencial antiviral de los dolabellanos.

Resumo Os dolabellanos são diterpenos que têm mostrado atividade antiviral, os estudos neste campo estão centrados nos compostos isolados de algas do gênero Dictyota. Os octocorais também são uma fonte importante de dolabellanos, mas não tem sido estudados. Foirealizado o estudo químico dos octocorais Eunicea laciniata e Eunicea asperula, coletados em Santa Marta, Caribe Colombiano. O estudo químico dos dois organismos permitiu o isolamento dos dolabellanos 1-6 de E. laciniata, enquanto que para E. aspérula foram identificados os compostos 2, 4 e 5. A elucidação estrutural foi realizada mediante RMN, espectrometria de massas, rotação óptica e comparação com os dados da literatura. A análise por GC-MS evidenciou que a dolabelatrienona (2) pode gerar os compostos 4 e 5 como produto de degradação, a partir de um armazenamento prolongado. No entanto, os compostos também estavam presentes nos extratos dos organismos estudados. O composto 6 mostrou uma citotoxicidade similar ao Aciclovir®, um controle positivo, numa porcentagem de inibição da replicação do HVS-1 (73,7% de inibição em células infectadas na concentração de 50 µM) sem efeito citotóxico (CC50 = 959), o quetorna esse composto um candidato para o desenvolvimento de antivirais.

Chemical profiles of traditional preparations of four South American Passiflora species by chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic techniques

ABSTRACT Several species of the genus Passiflora are distributed all over South America, and many of these species are used in popular medicine, mainly as sedatives and tranquilizers. This study analyzes the chemical profile of extracts of four Passiflora species used in folk medicine, focusing on the flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins. We employed simple and fast fingerprint analysis methods by high performance liquid chromatography, ultra performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis techniques. The analysis led to the detection and identification of C-glycosylflavonoids in all the plant extracts, these being the main constituents in P. tripartita var. mollissima and P. bogotensis. Saponins were observed only in P. alata and P. quadrangularis, while harmane alkaloids were not detected in any of the analyzed extracts in concentrations higher than 0.0187 ppm, the detection limit determined for the UPLC method.

Búsqueda de bacterias marinas como fuente de inhibidores de quorum sensing (IQS): primer estudio químico de Oceanobacillus profundus (RKHC-62B) / Screening of marine bacterial strains as source of quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI): first chemical study of Oceanobacillus profundus (RKHC-62B)

Antecedentes: Los productos naturales aislados de microorganismos marinos han demostrado tener un amplio rango de actividades biológicas incluyendo inhibidores de quorum sensing. Objetivos: Estudiamos quince cepas bacterianas del phylum Firmicutes aisladas del coral blando Antillogorgia elisabethae que fueron evaluadas como una nueva fuente sostenible de compuestos inhibidores de quorum sensing (IQS). Métodos: Se prepararon cultivos en cuatro medios diferentes y extraídos usando una resina no iónica. Todos los extractos fueron probados con el fin de establecer su actividad inhibitoria de quorum sensing (IQS) usando Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 31532 como biosensor. Los extractos activos fueron fraccionados mediante cartuchos RP-18. Cada fracción fue evaluada mediante bioensayo y analizada por HPLC. Resultados: Las fracciones metanólicas de Jeotgalicoccus halophilus y Oceanobacillus profundus fueron las más activas, lo cual sugiere que los compuestos no polares pueden ser los responsables de esta actividad. Conclusiones: El estudio químico del extracto orgánico de O. profundus cultivado en medio LBS permitió aislar los compuestos tirosol (1) y acetato de tirosol (2) como los responsables de la actividad IQS.

Background: Natural products isolated from marine microorganisms have demonstrated a wide range of biological activities included quorum sensing inhibitors. Objectives: We study fifteen marine Firmicutes bacterial strains isolated from the Caribbean soft coral Antillogorgia elisabethae that were evaluated as a novel and sustainable source of quorum sensing inhibitor compounds. Methods: Cultures were made in four different culture media and further extracted using a non-ionic resin. All these extracts were tested in order to establish its quorum sensing inhibition (QSI) activity using Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 31532. The active extracts were fractionated by RP-18 cartridge. Each fraction was tested and evaluated for its composition by HPLC-PDA. Results: Methanol fractions of Jeotgalicoccus halophilus and Oceanobacillus profundus were the most active ones, suggesting that non-polar compounds could be the responsible for the QSI activity of the bacterial extracts here tested. Conclusions: The chemical study of the organic extract of Oceanobacillus profundus cultured in LBS, yielded the compounds tyrosol (1) and tyrosol acetate (2) as responsible of QSI activity showed by the organic extract.

Comparative central effects of the aqueous leaf extract of two populations of Passiflora edulis

ABSTRACTPassiflora edulis Sims, Passifloraceae, has been used in Brazilian traditional folk medicine to the treatment of anxiety and insomnia. P. edulis is commonly known for its economic interests in Brazil. This species exhibits significant variability in the fruit rind color, then two subpopulations has been described (P. edulis fo. flavicarpa O. Deg. (PEF); P. edulis fo. edulis (PEE)). This study compared phytochemical profile and biological actions of aqueous leaf extract of PEE and PEF. HPLC analysis showed marked distinct chromatograms to the P. edulisvarieties. However, in both extracts the major compounds observed were flavonoids C-glycosides. Behavioral studies showed that PEE (300 mg/kg, p.o.) and PEF (100 and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced anxiety in the elevated plus maze test. PEE (300 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o.) and PEF (1000 mg/kg, p.o.) also induced antidepressant-like actions in the forced swimming test. PEE 1000 mg/kg significantly reduced distance moved, thus suggesting sedation. No alterations in sleeping time were observed with PEE and PEF extracts. In conclusion, despite the similarities between the biological actions observed for both P. edulis varieties, quite different phytochemical profile was herein reported. These data suggest that the anxiolytic and antidepressant actions are not due to a specific phytochemical component.

Marine organisms as source of extracts to disrupt bacterial communication: bioguided isolation and identification of quorum sensing inhibitors from Ircinia felix

AbstractIn this study, 39 extracts from marine organisms were evaluated as quorum sensing inhibitors, collected in the Colombian Caribbean Sea and the Brazilian Coast including 26 sponges, seven soft corals, five algae and one zooanthid. The results showed that crude extracts from the soft coral Eunicea laciniata, and the sponges Svenzea tubulosa, Ircinia felix and Neopetrosia carbonaria were the most promising source of quorum sensing inhibitors compounds without affecting bacterial growth, unlike the raw extracts of Agelas citrina, Agelas tubulata, Iotrochota arenosa, Topsentia ophiraphidites, Niphates caycedoi, Cliona tenuis, Ptilocaulis walpersi, Petrosia pellasarca, and the algae Laurencia catarinensis and Laurencia obtusa, which displayed potent antibacterial activity against the biosensors employed. The crude extract from the sponge I. felix was fractionated, obtaining furanosesterterpenes which were identified and evaluated as quorum sensing inhibitors, showing a moderate activity without affecting the biosensor's growth.

Involvement of GABAergic pathway in the sedative activity of apigenin, the main flavonoid from Passiflora quadrangularis pericarp

Abstract In the current study we showed that oral administration of an aqueous extract of Passiflora quadrangularis L., Passifloraceae, pericarp results in a significant prolongation of the sleep duration in mice evaluated in the ethyl ether-induced hypnosis test which indicates sedative effects. Apigenin, the main flavonoid of the extract, induced a similar sedative response when applied alone, at a dose equivalent to that found in the extract, suggesting that apigenin is mediating the sedative effects of P. quadrangularis extract. In addition, the sedative effect of apigenin was blocked by pretreatment with the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil (1 mg/kg), suggesting an interaction of apigenin with gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors. However, apigenin at concentrations 0.1–50 µM failed to enhance GABA-induced currents through GABAA receptors (α1β2γ2S) expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Nevertheless, based on our results, we suggest that the in vivo sedative effect of the P. quadrangularis extract and its main flavonoid apigenin maybe be due to an enhancement of the GABAergic system.

COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA Y ACTIVIDAD ANTIFOULING DE LA FRACCIÓN LIPÍDICA DE LA ESPONJA MARINA Cliona tenuis (Clionidae) / CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIFOULING ACTIVITY OF THE LIPID FRACTION OF THE CARIBBEAN MARINE SPONGE Cliona tenuis (Clionidae) / COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICA E PROPRIEDADES ANTIFOULING DA FRAÇÃO LIPÍDICA DA ESPONJA MARINHA Cliona tenuis (Clionidae)

Del extracto orgánico de la esponja marina Cliona tenuis, recolectada en las Islas del Rosario (Colombia, mar Caribe), fue obtenida la fracción lipídica, la cual presentó propiedades antifouling en pruebas en campo. Esta fracción fue separada por CC sobre gel de sílice hasta obtener fracciones de ésteres metílicos, glicéridos, glicolípidos, fosfolípidos y ácidos grasos libres, las cuales fueron identificadas por CCD y técnicas de de-replicación (RMN 1H y 13C). Posteriormente, las fracciones de glicéridos, glicolípidos y fosfolípidos fueron hidrolizadas, y los ácidos obtenidos, junto con los provenientes de la fracción de ácidos grasos libres, fueron transformados en ésteres metílicos, y todos se analizaron por CGAR-EM. Para ubicar las insaturaciones y ramificaciones, los ésteres metílicos se transformaron luego en sus correspondientes pirrolididas, las cuales también se analizaron por CGAR-EM. El estudio cromatográfico (valores de ECL) y de los espectros de masas de los ésteres metílicos y de sus derivados pirrolididas permitió identificar 81 ácidos grasos diferentes, de los cuales no habían sido previamente reportados: los ácidos 4,8-hexadecadienoico, 11-metil- 4,10-octadecadienoico, 6,9,12,14- icosatetraenoico, y 6,9,12,14,17-icosapentanoico.

The lipid fraction obtained from the marine sponge Cliona tenuis, collected at the Islas del Rosario (Colombia, Caribbean Sea), showed antifouling activity using field bioassays. This fraction was separated by CC on silica gel obtaining a mixture of methyl esters, and enriched fractions of glycerides, glycolipids, phospholipids and free fatty acids. All of them were identified by TLC and dereplication techniques (NMR). The glyceride, glycolipid, and phospholipid fractions were hydrolyzed and the fatty acids obtained, together with the initial fatty acids fraction, were converted into their methyl esters and analyzed by HRGC-MS. To locate unsaturations and alkyl branches in fatty acids, their methyl esters derivates were transformed to pyrrolidides and subsequently analyzed by HRGC-MS. The identity of the fatty acids was carried out using their ECL value as methyl esters, and particularly the study of their pirrolidide spectra was used to locate unsaturations and alkyl branch positions. This study allowed us to identify 81 fatty acids, four of them never reported before: 4,8-hexadecadienoic acid, 11-methy l-4, 10-octadecadienoic acid, 6,9,12,14-icosatetraenoic acid, and 6,9,12,14,17-icosapentanoic acid.

A partir do extrato orgânico da esponja marinha Cliona tenuis, coletada nas ilhas do Rosario (Colombia, Mar Caribe), foi obtido uma fração lipídica, que apresentou propriedades antifouling in situ. Esta fração foi separada através de CC em gel de sílica para obter as frações de ésteres metílicos, glicerídeos, glicolipídeos, folfolipídeos e ácidos libres, as quais foram identificadas por CCD e técnicas espectroscópicas de RMN 1H e 13C. Posteriormente, as frações contendo glicerídeos, glicolipídeos e folfolipídeos foram hidrolizadas e os ácidos obtidos, juntamente com os ácidos obtidos das frações que continham ácidos livres foram transformadas em ésteres metílicos e analisados por CGAR-EM. Para identificar as insaturações e ramificações, os ésteres metílicos foram transformados em derivados pirrolidínicos para serem analisadas por CG-EM. Através da análise cromatográfica (valores de ECL) e dos espectros de massas dos ésteres metílicos e seus derivados pirrolidínicos foi possível identificar 81 ácidos graxos diferentes, sendo que quatro são compostos ainda não relatados: os ácidos 4,8-hexadecadienóico, 11-metil-4,10-octadecadienóico, 6,9, 12, 14- icosatetraenóico, e 6,9,12,14,17-icosapentanóico.

Relatos de la violencia: impactos del desplazamiento forzado en la niñez y la juventud / Tales on violence: foreced displacement impact on children and youth

CONCLUSIONES: 1) El desplazamiento forzado en colombia es un fenómeno sociopolítico complejo y heterogéneo con una gran variedad de implicaciones en la vida de las personas afectadas. 2) La población infantil y juvenil desplazada es víctima de múltiples y simultáneas formas de violencia antes, durante y después del éxodo de sus lugares de origen. 3) La comprensión que los niños, niñas u jóvenes tienen del desplazamiento y el significado que le atribuyen, están determinados por los procesos cognitivos, afectivos y sociales característicos de la etapa del ciclo vital en que se encuentran. 4) El desplazamiento forzado casi siempre está asociado con un detrimento en la calidad de vida de los individuos y las familias. 5) El proceso de adaptación psicosocial se caracteriza por una fuerte confrontación subjetiva que implica asumir nuevas normas, pautas y formas de ser y hacer de hombres, mujeres, niñas, niños y jóvenes. 6) Muchas de las secuelas del desplazamiento forzado, aunque quizá no todas, son superables a corto o mediano plazo siempre y cuando los niños y jóvenes tengan acceso a las condiciones mínimas que les permitan la reconstrucción de nuevos proyectos de vida. 7) La metodología de elaboración de relatos de vida es una técnica que ofrece múltiples posibilidades desde el punto de vista de la investigación y la intervención psicosocial con poblaciones de niños, niñas y adolescentes desplazados